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Colonel Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale, known before 1862 as Lord Arthur Hay and between 1862 and 1876 as Viscount Walden, was a Scottish solider and ornithologist. He was President of the Zoological Society of London from 1868 . He had a private collection of birds, insects, reptiles and mammals, and employed Carl Bock to travel to Maritime Southeast Asia and collect specimens. Tweeddale described about 40 species collected by Bock for the first time and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1871.

Alfred Russel Wallace was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, biologist and illustrator. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin the publish On the Origin of Species.