Sir Charles Wyville Thomson was a Scottish natural historian and marine zoologist. He served as the chief scientist on the Challenger expedition. His work there revolutionised oceanography and led to his knighthood
Henry Baker Tristram was an English clergyman, Bible scholar, traveller and ornithologist. As a parson-naturalist he was an early supporter of Darwinism, attempting to reconcile evolution and creation. In 1858 he read the simultaneously-published papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace that were read in the Linnean Society, and published a paper in Ibis. He attempted to reconcile this early acceptance of evolution with creation. Following the Oxford debate between Thomas Henry Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce, Tristram, after early acceptance of the theory, rejected Darwinism. Tristram was a founded and original member of the British Ornithologists' Union, and appointed a fellow of the Royal Society in 1868. Edward Bartlett, an English ornithologist and son of Abraham Dee Bartlett, accompanied Tristram to Palestine in 1863-1864. During his travels he accumulated an extensive collection of bird skins, which he sold to the World Museum Liverpool
Colonel Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale, known before 1862 as Lord Arthur Hay and between 1862 and 1876 as Viscount Walden, was a Scottish solider and ornithologist. He was President of the Zoological Society of London from 1868 . He had a private collection of birds, insects, reptiles and mammals, and employed Carl Bock to travel to Maritime Southeast Asia and collect specimens. Tweeddale described about 40 species collected by Bock for the first time and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1871.
Alfred Russel Wallace was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, biologist and illustrator. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin the publish On the Origin of Species.