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James Cossar Ewart was a Scottish zoologist. He performed breeding experiments with horses and zebras which disproved earlier theories of heredity. He studied medicine from 1871 to 1874 at the University of Medicine. After graduation, he became an anatomy demonstrator under William Turner and then held the position of Curator of the Zoological Museum at University College, London, where he assisted Ray Lankester (later director of the Natural History Museum) by making zoological preparations for the museum and providing teaching support for Lankester's course in practical zoology. In 1878 he returned to Scotland to take a post of Regius Professor of Natural History at the University of Aberdeen from where he moved to the University of Edinburgh in 1882, staying in the post until 1927.